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Is it set up like here? Best Practices Showcase (8 hours of videos & a doc)
The only workaround so far would be to duplicate those columns and make them formulas mirroring values from the editable columns. Formula columns are read-only so users won’t be able to edit values. Also make a dedicated layout for row details popup where people cannot edit what they shouldn’t. Yeah that’s twice the columns 
The second (and perhaps better) workaround would be making a whole table simply reading data from the database table (the backend/frontend approach), but it comes with the requirement to create a row in the frontend table for each row in the backend table (e.g. through automation). Easier to setup though because you can just copy your existing table and quickly remake the formulas.